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HistoryCentral.com > American History > US Civic Terms > I
The Civics Glossary Ideology - set of beliefs and goals of a social or political group that explain or justify the group's decisions and behavior.
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) - founded in 1891, one of the agencies of the Department of Justice. The INS administers and enforces federal laws that deal with people from other countries who want to enter or remain in the United States. The INS also handles the administration and enforcement of federal laws dealing with people who want to become American citizens.
Impeachment - formal charges of "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" brought against the President, the Vice President, a Supreme Court justice, or any executive and judicial official. Members of Congress and military officers are not subject to impeachment. The House Judiciary Committee investigates the situation and makes a recommendation to the rest of the House on whether the official should be impeached. The rest of the House votes on the issue and, if the official is impeached, the Senate tries the case. If the official is convicted, he or she is removed from office. Since the ratification of the Constitution, the House of Representatives has impeached 16 federal officials, including 13 federal judges, of whom 7 were convicted by the Senate.
Implied powers - powers claimed by Congress which are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, but are implied in its necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8).
Incumbent - a candidate who holds the office for which he or she is running in an election. It is usually difficult for an incumbent candidate to be defeated in an election, unless he or she has had a very poor term in office. Incumbents have the benefit of having
Independent parties - political parties that are not affiliated with either of the major parties. Individual rights - rights claimed by the individual, as opposed to rights claimed by a group.
Interest groups - organization of people who share political, social or other goals; and agree to try to influence public policy to achieve those goals.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) - one of the agencies of the Department of the Treasury. The IRS was created in 1862, and is responsible for administering and enforcing most federal tax laws. It collects almost all federal taxes, including personal and corporate income tax; social security; excise tax; estate and gift taxes.
International law - laws that govern the interactions and relations between nations, resulting from officials rules, treaties, agreements and customs.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) - independent regulatory agency, which reports to the President. The ICC was created in 1887, and it regulates surface transportation that occurs across state lines. This includes trains, trucks, buses, water carriers, certain pipelines, and other forms of transportation. Among its functions are certifying carriers, regulates their rates and helping ensure that they provide efficient and sufficient service.
Interstate commerce - trade that takes places across state lines. This is distinct from intrastate commerce, which takes place within a state, and foreign trade, which takes place between countries. Article I, Section 8, clause 3 of the Constitution gives the Congress the authority to regulate interstate trade, as well as foreign trade. |
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